Sample 3 composition: 1.2mg/mL iota-carrageenan, 5% m/V xylitol, pH 6–7. Data are expressed as mean ± SD.Ī) Infection assay. After incubation, cellular viability was analyzed, and no statistically significant difference was found between the groups compared to the untreated control group (Group 600 μg/ml, p = 0.9880, Group 60 μg/ml, p = 0.0683, Group 6 μg/ml, p = 0.9993, and Group 0.6 μg/ml, p = 0.1957). Vero-E6 cells were treated with iota-carrageenan or vehicle (600 μg/mL to 0 μg/mL) for 48 h at 37☌. Testing of samples was performed in triplicate, and the p-values are p≤0.00074 (***) and p≤0.00001. The dotted line shows the limit of detection (LOD). Results were determined using the Reed and Muench formula and expressed as log TCID 50/mL. Controls consisted of untreated infected cells or infected cells treated with P2 (no iota-carrageenan). Supernatants were harvested and virus yield was determined using an end point dilution assay (TCID 50). After this pretreatment, cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and incubated for 48 hours in the presence of the same dilutions of Sample 2. Vero E6 were pre-treated with dilutions of Sample 2 with Sample P2 (diluent without iota-carrageenan) to get 600 μg/mL, 60 μg/mL, 6 μg/mL, and 0.6 μg/mL final iota-carrageenan concentration for two hours. Sample 2 composition: 1.2mg/mL iota-carrageenan, 5 mg/mL sodium chloride, pH 6–7. For this reason, cell lysis and death detected in the reported experiments after infection must be attributed to the action of the virus.Ī) Infection assay. Therefore, these compositions do not adversely affect cell viability. After incubation, cellular viability was analyzed, and no statistically significant difference was found between the groups compared to the untreated control group (Group 600 μg/ml, p = 0.7464, Group 60 μg/ml, p = 0.0908, Group 6 μg/ml, p = 0.1208, and Group 0.6 μg/ml, p = 0.8938). Testing of samples was performed in triplicate, and the p-values are p≤0.00025 (****).
Controls consisted of untreated infected cells or infected cells treated with P1 (no iota-carrageenan). After this pretreatment, cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and incubated for 48 hours in the presence of the same dilutions of Sample 1. Vero E6 were pre-treated for two hours with dilutions of Sample 1 with Sample P1 (diluent without iota-carrageenan) to obtain 600 μg/mL, 60 μg/mL, 6 μg/mL, and 0.6 μg/mL iota-carrageenan final concentration. Sample 1 composition: 1.2mg/mL iota-carrageenan, 9 mg/mL sodium chloride, pH 6–7. 329 mM) was found to exert some antiviral action, though this preliminary finding needs further confirmation.Ī) Infection assay. Further, xylitol at a concentration of 50 mg/mL (ca. five times the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 in health care personnel. Recently a double-blind, placebo-controlled study showed that iota-carrageenan in isotonic sodium chloride reduces ca.
The concentrations of iota-carrageenan with activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro may be easily achieved through the application of nasal sprays as commonly used in several countries. We determined that iota-carrageenan in concentrations as low as 6 μg/mL inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. In this study, we tested the antiviral action of three candidate nasal spray formulations against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Since the nasal cavity and the rhinopharynx are the sites of initial replication of SARS-CoV-2, a nasal spray may be an effective option to target SARS-CoV-2 infection. There is an urgent unmet need to provide an easily producible and affordable medicine to prevent transmission and provide early treatment for this disease. Last year observed a global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2) infection affecting millions of individuals worldwide.
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